Conventional and emerging ship fuels are crucial aspects of the maritime industry and they are forcing some very hard decisions on the trade.
Conventionally, the primary fuel source for ships has been heavy fuel oil (HFO), which is derived from crude oil. However, as environmental concerns have grown, the industry is now exploring alternative fuels to reduce emissions and promote sustainability.
One emerging alternative to HFO is liquefied natural gas (LNG), which has lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to traditional fuels. LNG is becoming increasingly popular due to its potential to decrease air pollution and comply with stricter environmental regulations. Additionally, LNG can be used in existing vessels with minimal infrastructure modifications.
Another alternative fuel gaining attention is biofuel, produced from renewable sources such as vegetable oils or algae. These fuels can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and are considered carbon-neutral. While biofuels may not completely replace conventional fuels, they can play a vital role in decarbonizing the shipping industry.
Hydrogen fuel cells and ammonia are also being explored as potential future fuels for ships. Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity by combining hydrogen and oxygen, emitting only water as a byproduct. Ammonia, on the other hand, can be produced using renewable energy sources and has the potential to become a zero-carbon fuel option.
The transition from conventional to emerging ship fuels is expected to bring numerous benefits, including reduced emissions, improved air quality, and a more sustainable maritime industry.
However, challenges such as infrastructure development, cost, and fuel availability need to be addressed to facilitate a smooth transition to these alternative fuels. As the industry continues to evolve, ongoing research and collaboration are essential to identify the most viable and sustainable ship fuel options for a greener future. 
Tabulated format for both conventional and emerging alternative fuels in ships, including advantages and their potential risks:
Fuel Type
Advantage & Potential Risks
CONVENTIONAL FUELS
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) • Low cost
• High availability
• High CO2 emissions
• High SOx emissions
• Potential oil spill
• Hazardous air quality
Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) • High availability
• High cost
• High CO2 emissions,
• Can produce NOx/SOx emissions
• Potential oil spill
ALTERNATIVE FUELS Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) • Lower CO2 emissions
• Methane slip during the fuel burn
• Safety risks with storage and transportation- high flammability
Biofuels • Possible competition with food supply
• High manufacturing energy
• Crop cultivation can lead to deforestation
Hydrogen • Very low emissions
• Highly flammable
• Major space requirement for storage
• Lack of supply infrastructure
Ammonia • Zero CO2 emissions
• Compact storage
• But highly toxic when leaked
• Can contribute to air pollution
Methanol • Lower SOx, NOx, PM emissions
• But storage can be dangerous due to its low flash point
• CO2 emissions if produced from natural gas
Battery/
Electric
• Zero emissions during operation
• Renewable but energy generation may cause emissions Limited range
• Large space requirement for battery storage
Nuclear • Zero emissions during operation
• High energy density
• But nuclear safety concern
• Disposal of nuclear waste
• Very High initial cost
Fuel Cells • Highly efficient
• Zero emissions if hydrogen is used
• High costs
• Limited lifespans of fuel cells,
• Infrastructure for hydrogen not well develop

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